Thr68

Site Information
SsLEtVstQELYsIP SwissProt Entrez-Gene
Blast this site against: NCBI SwissProt PDB
Site Group ID: 447491

In vivo Characterization
Methods used to characterize site in vivo:	2D analysis ( 163 ) , [32P] bio-synthetic labeling ( 82 , 131 , 149 , 150 , 158 , 161 , 163 , 164 ) , electrophoretic mobility shift ( 82 , 118 , 125 , 142 , 158 , 159 , 164 ) , flow cytometry ( 6 , 12 , 56 , 114 ) , immunoassay ( 1 , 38 ) , immunoprecipitation ( 3 , 4 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 21 , 29 , 37 , 40 , 55 , 56 , 71 , 72 , 77 , 79 , 92 , 158 ) , mass spectrometry ( 4 , 72 , 92 , 102 ) , microscopy-colocalization with upstream kinase ( 95 ) , mutation of modification site ( 4 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 29 , 55 , 59 , 72 , 77 , 79 , 82 , 92 , 105 , 114 , 145 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 153 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 163 , 164 , 165 ) , peptide sequencing ( 149 ) , phospho-antibody ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 93 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 165 , 166 ) , phosphopeptide mapping ( 82 , 150 ) , western blotting ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 117 , 120 , 121 , 125 , 126 , 130 , 139 , 141 , 142 , 147 , 154 , 162 , 166 )
Disease tissue studied:	ataxia-telangiectasia ( 60 , 83 , 86 , 125 , 128 , 130 , 166 ) , bladder cancer ( 132 ) , bone cancer ( 9 , 11 , 12 , 21 , 25 , 27 , 32 , 38 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 62 , 72 , 74 , 79 , 82 , 85 , 106 , 108 , 115 ) , Ewing's sarcoma ( 25 ) , brain cancer ( 57 , 125 ) , glioblastoma ( 57 , 125 ) , glioma ( 57 , 125 ) , breast cancer ( 2 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 22 , 29 , 58 , 61 , 67 , 79 , 87 , 90 , 107 , 109 , 115 , 157 ) , cervical cancer ( 34 , 68 ) , cervical adenocarcinoma ( 34 , 68 ) , colorectal cancer ( 4 , 11 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 51 , 83 , 86 , 90 , 97 , 120 , 121 , 139 ) , colorectal carcinoma ( 4 , 11 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 51 , 83 , 86 , 90 , 97 , 120 , 121 , 139 ) , leukemia ( 5 , 8 , 17 , 48 , 70 , 126 ) , acute lymphocytic leukemia ( 70 ) , acute myelogenous leukemia ( 126 ) , chronic myelogenous leukemia ( 48 ) , T cell leukemia ( 5 , 8 ) , lung cancer ( 29 , 32 , 73 , 86 , 91 , 109 , 112 , 128 , 139 , 157 ) , non-small cell lung cancer ( 29 , 32 , 73 , 91 , 112 , 128 , 139 ) , non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma ( 29 , 32 , 91 ) , small-cell lung cancer ( 29 ) , lymphoma ( 55 ) , B cell lymphoma ( 55 ) , non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ( 55 ) , pancreatic cancer ( 17 , 52 , 63 ) , pancreatic carcinoma ( 17 , 52 , 63 ) , prostate cancer ( 16 , 18 , 90 , 104 , 113 , 117 ) , melanoma skin cancer ( 1 , 99 ) , fibrosarcoma of soft tissue ( 15 , 114 ) , testicular cancer ( 39 ) , Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome ( 83 , 125 )
Relevant cell line - cell type - tissue:	293 (epithelial) ( 7 , 11 , 55 , 59 , 76 , 82 , 92 , 118 , 125 , 144 , 149 , 150 ) , 32D (myeloid) [IRS1 (mouse)] ( 126 ) , A253 ( 141 ) , A2780 (ovarian) ( 134 , 143 ) , A549 (pulmonary) ( 29 , 32 , 86 , 109 , 128 ) , AG01522 (fibroblast) ( 80 ) , AG04405 (fibroblast) ( 166 ) , AT1ABR (lymphoblastoid) ( 130 ) , AT22IJE-T (fibroblast) ( 118 ) , AT52RM (lymphoblastoid) ( 60 , 105 ) , AT5BIVA (fibroblast) ( 152 ) , ATLD2 (fibroblast) ( 83 ) , BE (melanocyte) ( 1 ) , BJ (fibroblast) ( 62 ) , bladder ( 132 ) , bone marrow ( 20 ) , BT (epithelial) ( 130 , 162 ) , C2C12 (myoblast) ( 142 ) , C3ABR (lymphoblastoid) ( 130 , 162 , 166 ) , Caov-3 (ovarian) ( 134 ) , CHO (fibroblast) ( 97 , 125 ) , COS (fibroblast) ( 34 ) , DLD1 (intestinal) ( 4 , 24 , 120 ) , DU 145 (prostate cell) ( 16 , 104 ) , dysplastic nevus ( 123 ) , E.coli (bacterial) ( 84 , 102 ) , embryo ( 88 ) , ES8 ( 25 ) , Farage (B lymphocyte) ( 55 ) , fibroblast ( 66 , 103 , 125 ) , fibroblast-foreskin ( 49 , 89 ) , germ cell-testis ( 39 ) , GM00536 (lymphoblast) ( 17 , 86 , 128 ) , GM00637 (lymphoblast) ( 83 , 122 , 135 ) , GM01526 (lymphoblast) ( 86 , 128 ) , GM03395 (fibroblast) ( 151 ) , GM03440 (fibroblast) ( 151 ) , GM07078 (lymphoblastoid) ( 60 , 105 ) , HaCaT (keratinocyte) ( 73 ) , HCC1937 (breast cell) ( 115 , 140 ) , HCC2279 (pulmonary) ( 91 ) , HCT116 (intestinal) ( 4 , 11 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 51 , 83 , 86 , 90 , 111 , 121 , 131 , 139 , 144 , 145 , 155 , 156 ) , HCT15 (intestinal) ( 97 , 149 , 153 , 159 ) , HEC-59 (endometrial) ( 155 ) , HEK293T (epithelial) ( 9 , 12 , 14 , 71 , 77 , 79 , 85 , 109 , 127 , 140 , 152 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 163 , 165 ) , HeLa (cervical) ( 1 , 2 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 26 , 30 , 33 , 36 , 41 , 47 , 55 , 56 , 62 , 64 , 65 , 79 , 85 , 88 , 93 , 120 , 127 , 145 , 148 , 150 , 154 , 160 , 164 ) , HeLa S3 (cervical) ( 34 , 68 ) , hepatocyte-liver ( 81 ) , HESCs (endometrial) ( 3 ) , HFF1 (fibroblast) ( 32 ) , HL60 (myeloid) ( 17 ) , HT-29 (intestinal) ( 29 , 83 ) , HT1080 (fibroblast) ( 15 , 114 , 152 ) , hTERT normal human urothelia ( 23 ) , IMR-90 (fibroblast) ( 4 , 64 , 75 , 77 , 90 ) , Jurkat (T lymphocyte) ( 8 , 101 ) , K562 (erythroid) ( 48 , 153 ) , L3 (lymphoblastoid) ( 166 ) , LBC-N ( 105 ) , LCL (lymphoblastoid) ( 60 , 98 , 133 ) , LNCaP (prostate cell) ( 18 , 113 , 127 ) , lung ( 123 ) , lymphoblastoid ( 66 , 103 ) , lymphocyte ( 50 , 83 ) , lymphocyte-blood ( 6 ) , M059J (glial) ( 125 ) , M059K (glial) ( 57 , 125 ) , MCF-10A (breast cell) ( 90 ) , MCF-7 (breast cell) ( 14 , 17 , 22 , 29 , 58 , 61 , 67 , 79 , 87 , 96 , 107 , 109 , 127 , 140 ) , MCF10A1 (epithelial) ( 22 ) , MDA-MB-231 (breast cell) ( 2 , 14 , 18 ) , MEF (fibroblast) ( 12 , 53 , 82 , 83 , 93 , 103 , 108 ) , MEF (fibroblast) [IGF1R (mouse)] ( 150 , 165 ) , MIA PaCa (pancreatic) ( 63 ) , MIA PaCa-2 (pancreatic) ( 52 ) , MOLT-4 (T lymphocyte) ( 5 ) , MRC5 (fibroblast) ( 62 , 77 , 112 , 166 ) , MSN (neuron) ( 138 ) , MT1 (lymphoblastoid) ( 137 ) , myeloid-bone marrow ( 20 ) , myoblast ( 142 ) , myocyte ( 142 ) , NALM6 (B lymphocyte) ( 70 ) , NBS-ILB1 (fibroblast) ( 40 , 60 , 124 , 135 ) , NCI-H1299 (pulmonary) ( 73 , 128 , 139 ) , NCI-H146 (pulmonary) ( 29 ) , NCI-H358 (pulmonary) ( 112 ) , NHBE (epithelial) ( 112 ) , NHDF (fibroblast) ( 66 , 148 ) , NHF (fibroblast) ( 66 , 147 ) , OVCAR3 (ovarian) ( 119 , 134 ) , PANC-1 (pancreatic) ( 17 ) , PC3 (prostate cell) ( 90 , 117 , 144 ) , PSNF5 (fibroblast) ( 95 ) , PSNG13 (fibroblast) ( 95 ) , reticulocyte ( 158 ) , RKO (intestinal) ( 136 ) , Saos-2 (bone cell) ( 108 , 157 ) , SF9 ( 84 , 149 ) , SH-SY5Y (neural crest) ( 163 ) , SHEP (neuron) ( 138 ) , SK-N-MC (neural crest) ( 138 ) , skin ( 123 ) , SKNSH (neural crest) ( 148 , 157 ) , SKOV-3 (ovarian) ( 134 ) , SU-DHL-6 (B lymphocyte) ( 55 ) , SW480 (intestinal) ( 157 ) , T-CAM2 (testicular) ( 39 ) , TK6 (lymphoblastoid) ( 137 ) , U2OS (bone cell) [GR (human)] ( 127 , 128 , 129 , 131 , 137 , 140 , 148 , 152 , 157 , 160 , 161 ) , U2OS (bone cell) ( 9 , 11 , 12 , 21 , 27 , 32 , 38 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 62 , 72 , 74 , 79 , 82 , 85 , 106 , 115 ) , UT-7 (myeloid) ( 126 ) , WI-38 (fibroblast) ( 152 ) , WM115 (melanocyte) ( 99 ) , YZ5 ( 160 )

Upstream Regulation
Regulatory protein:	Abl (mouse) ( 53 ) , Akt1 (human) ( 4 ) , ATM (human) ( 54 , 79 , 86 , 100 , 103 , 112 , 114 ) , ATR (human) ( 32 , 54 , 103 ) , Bcl-2 (human) ( 107 ) , BLM (human) ( 95 ) , BMI1 (human) ( 22 ) , BRCA1 (human) ( 87 ) , BRD8 (human) ( 46 ) , CDT1 (human) ( 45 ) , Chk1 (human) ( 54 , 69 ) , Chk2 (human) ( 60 , 98 , 109 , 120 ) , claspin (human) ( 146 ) , CtIP (human) ( 74 ) , DNAPK (human) ( 41 , 54 ) , E2F1 (human) ( 147 ) , ERK1 (human) ( 58 ) , ERK2 (human) ( 58 ) , FBXW7 (human) ( 24 ) , Geminin (human) ( 139 ) , HMGA2 (human) ( 15 ) , HRas (human) ( 4 ) , HSPA2 (human) ( 90 ) , KIBRA (human) ( 14 ) , Ku70 (human) ( 30 ) , Ku80 (human) ( 30 ) , MPG (human) ( 79 ) , NBS1 (human) ( 40 ) , NCK1 (human) ( 93 ) , OBFC2B (human) ( 89 ) , p16-INK4A iso5 (human) ( 112 ) , p53 (human) ( 121 ) , PDE1A (human) ( 40 ) , PIN1 (human) ( 33 ) , PINX1 (human) ( 33 ) , PPM1D (mouse) ( 108 ) , PPP4C (human) ( 85 ) , PTEN (human) ( 4 ) , RAD17 (human) ( 32 ) , SMEK2 (human) ( 85 ) , SOCS1 (human) ( 75 ) , SOCS7 (human) ( 93 ) , Tax (retrovirus) ( 92 ) , TERT (human) ( 33 ) , Tip60 (human) ( 112 ) , TRF1 (human) ( 33 ) , VCP (human) ( 2 )
Putative in vivo kinases:	ATM (human) ( 1 , 5 , 47 , 64 , 105 , 116 , 128 , 137 , 148 , 151 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 164 , 165 , 166 ) , ATR (human) ( 128 ) , Chk2 (human) ( 159 ) , DNAPK (human) ( 30 ) , PLK1 (human) ( 72 , 152 ) , ZAK (human) ( 131 )
Kinases, in vitro:	ATM (human) ( 160 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 ) , ATR (human) ( 165 ) , Chk2 (human) ( 82 , 118 , 150 , 158 , 159 ) , DNAPK (human) ( 125 ) , PLK1 (human) ( 152 ) , TTK (human) ( 127 ) , ZAK (human) ( 131 )
Putative upstream phosphatases:	PPM1D (human) ( 60 , 97 , 109 ) , PPP1CA (human) ( 60 ) , PPP2CA (human) ( 60 )
Phosphatases, in vitro:	PPM1D (human) ( 97 , 109 )
Treatments:	11,11'-dideoxyverticillin ( 121 ) , 4-nitroquinoline_1-oxide ( 105 ) , adriamycin ( 46 , 53 , 70 , 71 , 118 , 130 ) , aminothiazole_compound_25 ( 143 ) , AP20187 ( 118 ) , AZ20 ( 38 ) , AZD7762 ( 63 ) , BI2536 ( 30 , 72 ) , C-1027 ( 100 ) , caffeine ( 34 , 51 , 94 , 105 , 119 , 136 , 142 , 162 , 166 ) , camptothecin ( 9 , 43 , 51 , 74 , 118 , 125 , 160 ) , CBP-93872 ( 29 ) , Chk2_inhibitor_II ( 55 ) , colforsin ( 70 ) , cyclophosphamide ( 112 ) , DNA-PK_inhibitor_II ( 125 ) , doxycycline ( 128 ) , DSBs ( 96 ) , Et743 ( 13 , 83 ) , etoposide ( 2 , 3 , 22 , 27 , 31 , 55 , 58 , 66 , 68 , 106 , 126 , 162 ) , eusynstyelamide B ( 18 ) , galiellalactone ( 16 ) , gemcitabine ( 63 ) , genistein ( 162 ) , Go_6976 ( 23 , 88 ) , grape_seed_extract ( 104 , 113 ) , H2O2 ( 39 , 79 ) , herbimycin_A ( 162 ) , hydroxyurea ( 2 , 36 , 38 , 42 , 71 , 85 , 103 , 105 , 165 ) , hyperoxia ( 86 ) , IBMX ( 70 ) , IC86621 ( 41 ) , ICRF-193 ( 64 , 66 ) , ionizing_radiation ( 5 , 17 , 26 , 29 , 32 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 55 , 56 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 71 , 72 , 77 , 79 , 80 , 82 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 105 , 108 , 109 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 118 , 122 , 124 , 125 , 127 , 128 , 131 , 133 , 135 , 140 , 142 , 144 , 146 , 148 , 154 , 155 , 157 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 164 , 165 , 166 ) , irofulven ( 134 ) , KU-55933 ( 1 , 23 , 29 , 30 , 34 , 50 , 57 , 60 , 73 , 76 , 98 ) , KU-60019 ( 17 , 26 ) , lurbinectedin ( 13 ) , methylselenocysteine ( 141 ) , MG132 ( 46 ) , mimosine ( 34 ) , mitomycin_C ( 71 ) , mitoxantrone ( 36 ) , MMS ( 29 , 76 , 79 ) , Na(2)CrO(4) ( 151 ) , NAC ( 130 ) , nelfinavir ( 99 ) , neocarzinostatin ( 156 ) , NMS-873 ( 2 ) , nocodazole ( 30 , 47 , 72 ) , NU7026 ( 26 , 65 ) , NU7441 ( 8 , 30 ) , okadaic_acid ( 60 , 61 ) , olaparib ( 25 ) , PDTC ( 130 ) , peptide inhibitor ( 101 ) , PHA-767491 ( 36 ) , phorbol_ester ( 8 ) , phytohaemagglutinin ( 8 ) , rapamycin ( 125 ) , resveratrol ( 6 , 119 ) , ryuvidine ( 36 ) , SB203580 ( 121 ) , silibinin ( 117 ) , silymarin ( 117 ) , siRNA ( 1 , 30 , 47 , 79 , 87 , 90 , 93 , 115 , 121 , 139 , 146 ) , SJG-136 ( 111 ) , SN-38 ( 141 ) , thymidine ( 34 , 69 ) , tioguanine ( 136 ) , TMZ ( 137 ) , U0126 ( 94 ) , UCN-01 ( 136 , 138 ) , UV ( 29 , 54 , 71 , 76 , 93 , 118 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 140 , 144 , 146 , 148 , 165 ) , VE-821 ( 5 , 42 , 43 ) , virus infection ( 50 , 81 ) , VRX0466617 ( 27 , 60 , 98 ) , wortmannin ( 60 , 162 )

Downstream Regulation
Effects of modification on Chk2:	enzymatic activity, induced ( 78 , 92 , 99 , 105 , 110 , 116 , 118 , 127 , 131 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 163 , 164 , 166 ) , intracellular localization ( 1 , 65 , 80 , 92 , 116 , 118 , 160 ) , molecular association, regulation ( 55 , 118 , 153 , 159 ) , phosphorylation ( 1 , 158 , 161 ) , protein conformation ( 78 , 110 )
Effects of modification on biological processes:	apoptosis, induced ( 153 ) , cell cycle regulation ( 1 , 5 , 30 , 37 , 65 , 66 , 145 ) , cytoskeletal reorganization ( 65 ) , DNA repair, induced ( 37 ) , signaling pathway regulation ( 5 , 66 ) , translation, induced ( 50 )
Induce interaction with:	Chk2 (human) ( 118 , 159 ) , ERK2 (human) ( 55 ) , MDC1 (human) ( 153 ) , NBS1 (human) ( 116 ) , PLK1 (human) ( 78 )

Disease / Diagnostics Relevance
Relevant diseases:	Bloom's syndrome ( 95 ) , bladder cancer ( 132 ) , small-cell lung cancer ( 112 )

References
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