Thr68

Site Information
SsLEtVstQELYsIP SwissProt Entrez-Gene
Blast this site against: NCBI SwissProt PDB
Site Group ID: 447491

In vivo Characterization
Methods used to characterize site in vivo:	2D analysis ( 162 ) , [32P] bio-synthetic labeling ( 81 , 130 , 148 , 149 , 157 , 160 , 162 , 163 ) , electrophoretic mobility shift ( 81 , 117 , 124 , 141 , 157 , 158 , 163 ) , flow cytometry ( 5 , 11 , 55 , 113 ) , immunoassay ( 37 ) , immunoprecipitation ( 3 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 20 , 28 , 36 , 39 , 54 , 55 , 70 , 71 , 76 , 78 , 91 , 157 ) , mass spectrometry ( 3 , 71 , 91 , 101 ) , microscopy-colocalization with upstream kinase ( 94 ) , mutation of modification site ( 3 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 28 , 54 , 58 , 71 , 76 , 78 , 81 , 91 , 104 , 113 , 144 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 152 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 162 , 163 , 164 ) , peptide sequencing ( 148 ) , phospho-antibody ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 164 , 165 ) , phosphopeptide mapping ( 81 , 149 ) , western blotting ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 67 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 116 , 119 , 120 , 124 , 125 , 129 , 138 , 140 , 141 , 146 , 153 , 161 , 165 )
Disease tissue studied:	ataxia-telangiectasia ( 59 , 82 , 85 , 124 , 127 , 129 , 165 ) , bladder cancer ( 131 ) , bone cancer ( 8 , 10 , 11 , 20 , 24 , 26 , 31 , 37 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 61 , 71 , 73 , 78 , 81 , 84 , 105 , 107 , 114 ) , Ewing's sarcoma ( 24 ) , brain cancer ( 56 , 124 ) , glioblastoma ( 56 , 124 ) , glioma ( 56 , 124 ) , breast cancer ( 13 , 16 , 17 , 21 , 28 , 57 , 60 , 66 , 78 , 86 , 89 , 106 , 108 , 114 , 156 ) , cervical cancer ( 33 , 67 ) , cervical adenocarcinoma ( 33 , 67 ) , colorectal cancer ( 3 , 10 , 23 , 27 , 28 , 50 , 82 , 85 , 89 , 96 , 119 , 120 , 138 ) , colorectal carcinoma ( 3 , 10 , 23 , 27 , 28 , 50 , 82 , 85 , 89 , 96 , 119 , 120 , 138 ) , leukemia ( 4 , 7 , 16 , 47 , 69 , 125 ) , acute lymphocytic leukemia ( 69 ) , acute myelogenous leukemia ( 125 ) , chronic myelogenous leukemia ( 47 ) , T cell leukemia ( 4 , 7 ) , lung cancer ( 28 , 31 , 72 , 85 , 90 , 108 , 111 , 127 , 138 , 156 ) , non-small cell lung cancer ( 28 , 31 , 72 , 90 , 111 , 127 , 138 ) , non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma ( 28 , 31 , 90 ) , small-cell lung cancer ( 28 ) , lymphoma ( 54 ) , B cell lymphoma ( 54 ) , non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ( 54 ) , pancreatic cancer ( 16 , 51 , 62 ) , pancreatic carcinoma ( 16 , 51 , 62 ) , prostate cancer ( 15 , 17 , 89 , 103 , 112 , 116 ) , melanoma skin cancer ( 98 ) , fibrosarcoma of soft tissue ( 14 , 113 ) , testicular cancer ( 38 ) , Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome ( 82 , 124 )
Relevant cell line - cell type - tissue:	293 (epithelial) ( 6 , 10 , 54 , 58 , 75 , 81 , 91 , 117 , 124 , 143 , 148 , 149 ) , 32D (myeloid) [IRS1 (mouse)] ( 125 ) , A253 ( 140 ) , A2780 (ovarian) ( 133 , 142 ) , A549 (pulmonary) ( 28 , 31 , 85 , 108 , 127 ) , AG01522 (fibroblast) ( 79 ) , AG04405 (fibroblast) ( 165 ) , AT1ABR (lymphoblastoid) ( 129 ) , AT22IJE-T (fibroblast) ( 117 ) , AT52RM (lymphoblastoid) ( 59 , 104 ) , AT5BIVA (fibroblast) ( 151 ) , ATLD2 (fibroblast) ( 82 ) , BJ (fibroblast) ( 61 ) , bladder ( 131 ) , BT (epithelial) ( 129 , 161 ) , C2C12 (myoblast) ( 141 ) , C3ABR (lymphoblastoid) ( 129 , 161 , 165 ) , Caov-3 (ovarian) ( 133 ) , CHO (fibroblast) ( 96 , 124 ) , COS (fibroblast) ( 33 ) , DLD1 (intestinal) ( 3 , 23 , 119 ) , DU 145 (prostate cell) ( 15 , 103 ) , dysplastic nevus ( 122 ) , E.coli (bacterial) ( 83 , 101 ) , embryo ( 87 ) , ES8 ( 24 ) , Farage (B lymphocyte) ( 54 ) , fibroblast ( 65 , 102 , 124 ) , fibroblast-foreskin ( 48 , 88 ) , germ cell-testis ( 38 ) , GM00536 (lymphoblast) ( 16 , 85 , 127 ) , GM00637 (lymphoblast) ( 82 , 121 , 134 ) , GM01526 (lymphoblast) ( 85 , 127 ) , GM03395 (fibroblast) ( 150 ) , GM03440 (fibroblast) ( 150 ) , GM07078 (lymphoblastoid) ( 59 , 104 ) , HaCaT (keratinocyte) ( 72 ) , HCC1937 (breast cell) ( 114 , 139 ) , HCC2279 (pulmonary) ( 90 ) , HCT116 (intestinal) ( 3 , 10 , 23 , 27 , 28 , 50 , 82 , 85 , 89 , 110 , 120 , 130 , 138 , 143 , 144 , 154 , 155 ) , HCT15 (intestinal) ( 96 , 148 , 152 , 158 ) , HEC-59 (endometrial) ( 154 ) , HEK293T (epithelial) ( 8 , 11 , 13 , 70 , 76 , 78 , 84 , 108 , 126 , 139 , 151 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 162 , 164 ) , HeLa (cervical) ( 8 , 11 , 12 , 25 , 32 , 35 , 40 , 46 , 54 , 55 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 78 , 84 , 87 , 92 , 119 , 126 , 144 , 147 , 149 , 153 , 159 , 163 ) , HeLa S3 (cervical) ( 33 , 67 ) , hepatocyte-liver ( 80 ) , HFF1 (fibroblast) ( 31 ) , HL60 (myeloid) ( 16 ) , HT-29 (intestinal) ( 28 , 82 ) , HT1080 (fibroblast) ( 14 , 113 , 151 ) , hTERT normal human urothelia ( 22 ) , IMR-90 (fibroblast) ( 3 , 63 , 74 , 76 , 89 ) , Jurkat (T lymphocyte) ( 7 , 100 ) , K562 (erythroid) ( 47 , 152 ) , L3 (lymphoblastoid) ( 165 ) , LBC-N ( 104 ) , LCL (lymphoblastoid) ( 59 , 97 , 132 ) , LNCaP (prostate cell) ( 17 , 112 , 126 ) , lung ( 122 ) , lymphoblastoid ( 65 , 102 ) , lymphocyte ( 49 , 82 ) , lymphocyte-blood ( 5 ) , M059J (glial) ( 124 ) , M059K (glial) ( 56 , 124 ) , MCF-10A (breast cell) ( 89 ) , MCF-7 (breast cell) ( 13 , 16 , 21 , 28 , 57 , 60 , 66 , 78 , 86 , 95 , 106 , 108 , 126 , 139 ) , MCF10A1 (epithelial) ( 21 ) , MDA-MB-231 (breast cell) ( 13 , 17 ) , MEF (fibroblast) ( 11 , 52 , 81 , 82 , 92 , 102 , 107 ) , MEF (fibroblast) [IGF1R (mouse)] ( 149 , 164 ) , MIA PaCa (pancreatic) ( 62 ) , MIA PaCa-2 (pancreatic) ( 51 ) , MOLT-4 (T lymphocyte) ( 4 ) , MRC5 (fibroblast) ( 61 , 76 , 111 , 165 ) , MSN (neuron) ( 137 ) , MT1 (lymphoblastoid) ( 136 ) , myoblast ( 141 ) , myocyte ( 141 ) , NALM6 (B lymphocyte) ( 69 ) , NBS-ILB1 (fibroblast) ( 39 , 59 , 123 , 134 ) , NCI-H1299 (pulmonary) ( 72 , 127 , 138 ) , NCI-H146 (pulmonary) ( 28 ) , NCI-H358 (pulmonary) ( 111 ) , NHBE (epithelial) ( 111 ) , NHDF (fibroblast) ( 65 , 147 ) , NHF (fibroblast) ( 65 , 146 ) , OVCAR3 (ovarian) ( 118 , 133 ) , PANC-1 (pancreatic) ( 16 ) , PC3 (prostate cell) ( 89 , 116 , 143 ) , PSNF5 (fibroblast) ( 94 ) , PSNG13 (fibroblast) ( 94 ) , reticulocyte ( 157 ) , RKO (intestinal) ( 135 ) , Saos-2 (bone cell) ( 107 , 156 ) , SF9 ( 83 , 148 ) , SH-SY5Y (neural crest) ( 162 ) , SHEP (neuron) ( 137 ) , SK-N-MC (neural crest) ( 137 ) , skin ( 122 ) , SKNSH (neural crest) ( 147 , 156 ) , SKOV-3 (ovarian) ( 133 ) , SU-DHL-6 (B lymphocyte) ( 54 ) , SW480 (intestinal) ( 156 ) , T-CAM2 (testicular) ( 38 ) , TK6 (lymphoblastoid) ( 136 ) , U2OS (bone cell) [GR (human)] ( 126 , 127 , 128 , 130 , 136 , 139 , 147 , 151 , 156 , 159 , 160 ) , U2OS (bone cell) ( 8 , 10 , 11 , 20 , 26 , 31 , 37 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 61 , 71 , 73 , 78 , 81 , 84 , 105 , 114 ) , UT-7 (myeloid) ( 125 ) , WI-38 (fibroblast) ( 151 ) , WM115 (melanocyte) ( 98 ) , YZ5 ( 159 )

Upstream Regulation
Regulatory protein:	Abl (mouse) ( 52 ) , Akt1 (human) ( 3 ) , ATM (human) ( 53 , 78 , 85 , 99 , 102 , 111 , 113 ) , ATR (human) ( 31 , 53 , 102 ) , Bcl-2 (human) ( 106 ) , BLM (human) ( 94 ) , BMI1 (human) ( 21 ) , BRCA1 (human) ( 86 ) , BRD8 (human) ( 45 ) , CDT1 (human) ( 44 ) , Chk1 (human) ( 53 , 68 ) , Chk2 (human) ( 59 , 97 , 108 , 119 ) , claspin (human) ( 145 ) , CtIP (human) ( 73 ) , DNAPK (human) ( 40 , 53 ) , E2F1 (human) ( 146 ) , ERK1 (human) ( 57 ) , ERK2 (human) ( 57 ) , FBXW7 (human) ( 23 ) , Geminin (human) ( 138 ) , HMGA2 (human) ( 14 ) , HRas (human) ( 3 ) , HSPA2 (human) ( 89 ) , KIBRA (human) ( 13 ) , MPG (human) ( 78 ) , NBS1 (human) ( 39 ) , NCK1 (human) ( 92 ) , OBFC2B (human) ( 88 ) , p16-INK4A iso5 (human) ( 111 ) , p53 (human) ( 120 ) , PDE1A (human) ( 39 ) , PIN1 (human) ( 32 ) , PINX1 (human) ( 32 ) , PPM1D (mouse) ( 107 ) , PPP4C (human) ( 84 ) , PTEN (human) ( 3 ) , RAD17 (human) ( 31 ) , SMEK2 (human) ( 84 ) , SOCS1 (human) ( 74 ) , SOCS7 (human) ( 92 ) , Tax (retrovirus) ( 91 ) , TERT (human) ( 32 ) , Tip60 (human) ( 111 ) , TRF1 (human) ( 32 )
Putative in vivo kinases:	ATM (human) ( 4 , 46 , 63 , 104 , 115 , 127 , 136 , 147 , 150 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 163 , 164 , 165 ) , ATR (human) ( 127 ) , Chk2 (human) ( 158 ) , PLK1 (human) ( 71 , 151 ) , ZAK (human) ( 130 )
Kinases, in vitro:	ATM (human) ( 159 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 ) , ATR (human) ( 164 ) , Chk2 (human) ( 81 , 117 , 149 , 157 , 158 ) , DNAPK (human) ( 124 ) , PLK1 (human) ( 151 ) , TTK (human) ( 126 ) , ZAK (human) ( 130 )
Putative upstream phosphatases:	PPM1D (human) ( 59 , 96 , 108 ) , PPP1CA (human) ( 59 ) , PPP2CA (human) ( 59 )
Phosphatases, in vitro:	PPM1D (human) ( 96 , 108 )
Treatments:	11,11'-dideoxyverticillin ( 120 ) , 4-nitroquinoline_1-oxide ( 104 ) , adriamycin ( 45 , 52 , 69 , 70 , 117 , 129 ) , aminothiazole_compound_25 ( 142 ) , AP20187 ( 117 ) , AZ20 ( 37 ) , AZD7762 ( 62 ) , BI2536 ( 71 ) , C-1027 ( 99 ) , caffeine ( 33 , 50 , 93 , 104 , 118 , 135 , 141 , 161 , 165 ) , camptothecin ( 8 , 42 , 50 , 73 , 117 , 124 , 159 ) , CBP-93872 ( 28 ) , Chk2_inhibitor_II ( 54 ) , colforsin ( 69 ) , cyclophosphamide ( 111 ) , DNA-PK_inhibitor_II ( 124 ) , doxycycline ( 127 ) , DSBs ( 95 ) , Et743 ( 12 , 82 ) , etoposide ( 21 , 26 , 30 , 54 , 57 , 65 , 67 , 105 , 125 , 161 ) , eusynstyelamide B ( 17 ) , galiellalactone ( 15 ) , gemcitabine ( 62 ) , genistein ( 161 ) , Go_6976 ( 22 , 87 ) , grape_seed_extract ( 103 , 112 ) , H2O2 ( 38 , 78 ) , herbimycin_A ( 161 ) , hydroxyurea ( 35 , 37 , 41 , 70 , 84 , 102 , 104 , 164 ) , hyperoxia ( 85 ) , IBMX ( 69 ) , IC86621 ( 40 ) , ICRF-193 ( 63 , 65 ) , ionizing_radiation ( 4 , 16 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 54 , 55 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 64 , 70 , 71 , 76 , 78 , 79 , 81 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 93 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 104 , 107 , 108 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 117 , 121 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 127 , 130 , 132 , 134 , 139 , 141 , 143 , 145 , 147 , 153 , 154 , 156 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 163 , 164 , 165 ) , irofulven ( 133 ) , KU-55933 ( 22 , 28 , 33 , 49 , 56 , 59 , 72 , 75 , 97 ) , KU-60019 ( 16 , 25 ) , lurbinectedin ( 12 ) , methylselenocysteine ( 140 ) , MG132 ( 45 ) , mimosine ( 33 ) , mitomycin_C ( 70 ) , mitoxantrone ( 35 ) , MMS ( 28 , 75 , 78 ) , Na(2)CrO(4) ( 150 ) , NAC ( 129 ) , nelfinavir ( 98 ) , neocarzinostatin ( 155 ) , nocodazole ( 46 , 71 ) , NU7026 ( 25 , 64 ) , NU7441 ( 7 ) , okadaic_acid ( 59 , 60 ) , olaparib ( 24 ) , PDTC ( 129 ) , peptide inhibitor ( 100 ) , PHA-767491 ( 35 ) , phorbol_ester ( 7 ) , phytohaemagglutinin ( 7 ) , rapamycin ( 124 ) , resveratrol ( 5 , 118 ) , ryuvidine ( 35 ) , SB203580 ( 120 ) , silibinin ( 116 ) , silymarin ( 116 ) , siRNA ( 46 , 78 , 86 , 89 , 92 , 114 , 120 , 138 , 145 ) , SJG-136 ( 110 ) , SN-38 ( 140 ) , thymidine ( 33 , 68 ) , tioguanine ( 135 ) , TMZ ( 136 ) , U0126 ( 93 ) , UCN-01 ( 135 , 137 ) , UV ( 28 , 53 , 70 , 75 , 92 , 117 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 139 , 143 , 145 , 147 , 164 ) , VE-821 ( 4 , 41 , 42 ) , virus infection ( 49 , 80 ) , VRX0466617 ( 26 , 59 , 97 ) , wortmannin ( 59 , 161 )

Downstream Regulation
Effects of modification on Chk2:	enzymatic activity, induced ( 77 , 91 , 104 , 109 , 115 , 117 , 126 , 130 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 162 , 163 , 165 ) , intracellular localization ( 64 , 79 , 91 , 115 , 117 , 159 ) , molecular association, regulation ( 54 , 117 , 152 , 158 ) , phosphorylation ( 157 , 160 ) , protein conformation ( 77 , 109 )
Effects of modification on biological processes:	apoptosis, induced ( 152 ) , cell cycle regulation ( 4 , 36 , 64 , 65 , 144 ) , cytoskeletal reorganization ( 64 ) , DNA repair, induced ( 36 ) , signaling pathway regulation ( 4 , 65 ) , translation, induced ( 49 )
Induce interaction with:	Chk2 (human) ( 117 , 158 ) , ERK2 (human) ( 54 ) , MDC1 (human) ( 152 ) , NBS1 (human) ( 115 ) , PLK1 (human) ( 77 )

Disease / Diagnostics Relevance
Relevant diseases:	Bloom's syndrome ( 94 ) , bladder cancer ( 131 ) , small-cell lung cancer ( 111 )

References
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