Ser52

Site Information
MILLsELsRRRIRsI SwissProt Entrez-Gene
Blast this site against: NCBI SwissProt PDB
Site Group ID: 447635

In vivo Characterization
Methods used to characterize site in vivo:	2D analysis ( 71 ) , [32P] ATP in vitro ( 17 ) , [32P] bio-synthetic labeling ( 77 , 79 ) , immunoassay ( 6 , 8 , 11 , 17 ) , immunoprecipitation ( 22 , 24 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 77 , 79 ) , mass spectrometry ( 35 , 49 ) , mutation of modification site ( 17 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 46 , 50 , 56 , 62 , 63 , 67 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ) , phospho-antibody ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 48 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 ) , western blotting ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 48 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 68 , 70 , 72 , 74 , 78 )
Disease tissue studied:	adrenal cancer ( 70 ) , pheochromocytoma ( 70 ) , bone cancer ( 24 , 40 , 43 ) , breast cancer ( 8 , 16 , 19 , 38 , 46 ) , breast adenocarcinoma ( 16 , 19 ) , breast cancer, triple negative ( 16 , 19 ) , colorectal cancer ( 12 , 27 , 44 ) , colorectal carcinoma ( 12 , 27 , 44 ) , kidney cancer ( 53 ) , leukemia ( 9 , 21 , 59 ) , acute myelogenous leukemia ( 21 ) , acute monoblastic leukemia (M5a) or acute monocytic leukemia (M5b) ( 21 ) , acute myeloblastic leukemia, with granulocytic maturation (M2) ( 21 ) , chronic myelogenous leukemia ( 9 , 17 , 59 ) , T cell leukemia ( 9 ) , liver cancer ( 18 , 28 , 52 , 53 ) , hepatocellular carcinoma ( 18 , 28 ) , lung cancer ( 7 , 25 , 26 , 44 , 45 , 74 ) , non-small cell lung cancer ( 7 , 25 , 26 , 45 ) , non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma ( 25 , 26 ) , neuroblastoma ( 9 , 50 , 70 ) , ovarian cancer ( 5 , 27 ) , melanoma skin cancer ( 38 ) , fibrosarcoma of soft tissue ( 25 , 44 , 51 , 54 ) , tuberous sclerosis ( 53 )
Relevant cell line - cell type - tissue:	'muscle, skeletal' ( 36 ) , 'neuron, cortical' ( 11 ) , 293 (epithelial) [ACE2 (human), transfection] ( 48 ) , 293 (epithelial) ( 15 , 22 , 31 , 37 , 56 , 61 , 72 ) , 3T3 (fibroblast) [SHP-2 (mouse), homozygous knockout] ( 77 , 79 ) , 3T3 (fibroblast) ( 74 , 78 ) , 95-D ( 7 ) , A549 (pulmonary) ( 25 , 44 , 74 ) , A6 (renal) ( 34 ) , ADOR (pulmonary) ( 26 ) , AG01522 (fibroblast) ( 74 ) , BHK-21 (fibroblast) ( 23 ) , CAL-72 ( 18 ) , Cal27 (squamous) ( 9 ) , COS (fibroblast) ( 55 , 77 , 79 ) , E.coli (bacterial) ( 17 ) , epithelial ( 6 ) , fibroblast-lung ( 68 ) , FT282C11 (ovarian) ( 5 ) , glial ( 53 ) , HAP1 ( 17 ) , HCT116 (intestinal) ( 12 , 27 , 44 ) , heart ( 9 ) , HEK293T (epithelial) ( 9 , 22 , 33 , 46 , 69 ) , HeLa (cervical) [PKR (human)] ( 57 ) , HeLa (cervical) ( 9 , 23 , 32 , 37 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 46 , 56 , 61 , 62 , 69 , 74 ) , Hep 3B2.1-7 (hepatic) ( 28 ) , HepG2 (hepatic) ( 52 ) , HT1080 (fibroblast) ( 25 , 44 , 51 , 54 , 71 ) , HUVEC (endothelial) ( 20 ) , intestine ( 9 ) , JB6 CI41 (epidermal) ( 58 ) , Jurkat (T lymphocyte) ( 9 , 49 , 59 ) , K562 (erythroid) ( 9 , 59 ) , Kasumi-1 (myeloid) ( 21 ) , kidney ( 9 , 53 ) , liver ( 28 , 35 , 53 ) , lung ( 9 ) , lymphoblastoid ( 33 ) , MCF-7 (breast cell) ( 8 , 46 ) , MDA-MB-231 (breast cell) ( 16 ) , MDA-MB-468 (breast cell) ( 16 , 19 ) , MEF (fibroblast) [IGF1R (mouse)] ( 67 ) , MEF (fibroblast) ( 17 , 22 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 32 , 38 , 53 , 61 , 62 , 74 ) , melanocyte-skin ( 13 , 73 ) , mononuclear-blood ( 23 ) , MV4-11 (macrophage) ( 21 ) , NCI-H1299 (pulmonary) ( 7 , 45 ) , NCI-H1975 (pulmonary) ( 26 ) , neuron ( 17 ) , neuron-'brain, cerebellum' ( 70 ) , OCI-AML5 (myeloid) ( 21 ) , OVCAR5 (ovarian) ( 5 ) , pancreas ( 9 ) , PC-12 (chromaffin) ( 70 ) , PEER ( 18 ) , SF9 ( 63 ) , SH-SY5Y (neural crest) ( 50 , 70 ) , SK-MEL24 (melanocyte) ( 73 ) , SK-MEL5 (melanocyte) ( 73 ) , SKNSH (neural crest) ( 9 ) , SKOV-3 (ovarian) ( 27 ) , SNU-398 (hepatic) ( 18 ) , SNU-878 ( 18 ) , SNU-886 ( 18 ) , spinal cord ( 17 ) , stomach ( 9 ) , T47D (breast cell) ( 38 ) , U2OS (bone cell) ( 24 , 40 , 43 ) , WM2664 (melanocyte) ( 38 ) , ZR-75-1 (breast cell) ( 8 )

Upstream Regulation
Regulatory protein:	ADAR (human) ( 15 ) , AMPKA1 (human) ( 13 ) , ATM (human) ( 13 ) , beclin 1 (human) ( 13 ) , BRSK1 (human) ( 11 ) , BRSK2 (human) ( 11 ) , CCL20 (human) ( 6 ) , ERK1 (human) ( 58 ) , ERK2 (human) ( 58 ) , GADD34 (human) ( 37 , 61 ) , GCN2 (human) ( 17 ) , HRI (human) ( 17 ) , HSP90A (human) ( 17 ) , NCK1 (human) ( 61 ) , NCK2 (human) ( 61 ) , OLA1 (human) ( 27 ) , P38A (human) ( 58 ) , PERK (human) ( 17 , 24 ) , PKCD (human) ( 17 ) , PKR (human) ( 17 , 51 , 57 ) , PKR (mouse) ( 29 , 57 ) , PPP1R15B (human) ( 61 ) , Raptor (human) ( 32 ) , RHEB (human) ( 31 ) , RICTOR (human) ( 32 ) , SLC1A5 (human) ( 19 ) , SLC6A14 (human) ( 19 ) , SLC7A5 (human) ( 19 ) , SOD1 (human) ( 17 ) , XIAP (human) ( 44 )
Putative in vivo kinases:	MARK2 (human) ( 17 ) , PERK (human) ( 20 , 31 , 45 , 48 , 54 , 55 , 69 , 74 ) , PKR (human) ( 6 , 54 , 56 , 65 , 71 , 76 , 78 , 79 )
Kinases, in vitro:	ERK2 (human) ( 58 ) , HRI (human) ( 80 ) , MARK2 (human) ( 17 ) , P38A (human) ( 58 ) , PERK (human) ( 31 , 55 , 77 ) , PKR (human) ( 23 , 58 , 64 , 65 , 76 , 80 ) , RSK2 (human) ( 58 )
Putative upstream phosphatases:	PPP1CA (human) ( 17 , 61 )
Phosphatases, in vitro:	PPP1CA (human) ( 61 ) , PPP1CA (rabbit) ( 60 )
Treatments:	15-deoxyspergualin ( 59 ) , 2-deoxyglucose ( 44 , 47 ) , 6-OHDA ( 70 ) , A23187 ( 79 ) , afatinib ( 26 ) , amino_acid_starvation ( 19 , 52 ) , anisomycin ( 46 ) , arsenite ( 22 , 33 , 56 , 67 ) , atiprimod ( 16 ) , ATP ( 9 ) , AzaC ( 21 ) , BETd246 ( 12 ) , BETd260 ( 12 ) , calyculin_A ( 9 ) , ciclopirox ( 7 ) , cisplatin ( 43 ) , cobalt ( 74 ) , coculture ( 6 ) , DMAT ( 50 ) , double-stranded_RNA ( 54 , 57 ) , DTT ( 56 , 72 ) , endorepelin ( 20 ) , fasting ( 36 ) , formylmethionine ( 14 ) , geldanamycin ( 17 ) , glucose ( 75 ) , glucose_starvation ( 44 , 75 ) , GSK2656157 ( 20 ) , GZ17-6.02 ( 8 ) , H2O2 ( 25 , 33 ) , hyperoxia ( 68 ) , hypoxia ( 69 , 74 ) , hypoxia/reoxygenation ( 74 ) , IFN-alpha ( 15 , 73 ) , IFN-beta ( 48 ) , insulin ( 46 ) , LY294002 ( 41 , 51 ) , methionine-deficient medium ( 19 ) , MG132 ( 17 ) , NaAsO2 ( 17 ) , neratinib ( 13 ) , osmotic_stress ( 56 ) , ouabain ( 30 ) , oxaliplatin ( 43 ) , palbociclib ( 8 ) , PD98059 ( 58 ) , PERK inhibitor 1 ( 24 ) , phorbol_ester ( 23 ) , pictilisib ( 41 ) , PKR_inhibitor ( 34 ) , rapamycin ( 32 ) , rotenone ( 50 ) , S-valproate ( 13 ) , salubrinal ( 23 ) , SB202474 ( 58 ) , SB203580 ( 46 ) , serum_starvation ( 18 ) , sildenafil ( 26 ) , siRNA ( 20 ) , sorafenib ( 26 ) , thapsigargin ( 24 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 55 , 56 , 61 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 74 ) , TNF ( 57 ) , tunicamycin ( 17 , 20 , 50 , 56 , 61 , 72 ) , UV ( 56 , 58 ) , vanadate ( 37 ) , virus infection ( 6 , 48 , 51 , 55 )

Downstream Regulation
Effects of modification on eIF2-alpha:	activity, induced ( 5 , 14 , 62 , 76 ) , activity, inhibited ( 56 , 78 ) , molecular association, regulation ( 28 , 64 )
Effects of modification on biological processes:	apoptosis, induced ( 7 , 12 , 16 , 21 , 56 , 62 ) , apoptosis, inhibited ( 44 ) , autophagy, induced ( 8 , 32 ) , carcinogenesis, inhibited ( 7 , 8 ) , cell growth, altered ( 76 , 78 ) , RNA splicing, induced ( 23 ) , transcription, induced ( 14 , 15 , 21 ) , translation, altered ( 55 , 59 , 62 , 64 , 74 , 78 ) , translation, induced ( 6 , 25 , 46 ) , translation, inhibited ( 17 , 28 , 31 )
Induce interaction with:	CELF1 (human) ( 28 ) , PERK (human) ( 64 ) , eIF2-beta (human) ( 64 )

Disease / Diagnostics Relevance
Relevant diseases:	ALS ( 17 )

References
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