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GREM1
Cytokine that may play an important role during carcinogenesis and metanephric kidney organogenesis, as a BMP antagonist required for early limb outgrowth and patterning in maintaining the FGF4-SHH feedback loop. Down-regulates the BMP4 signaling in a dose-dependent manner. Acts as inhibitor of monocyte chemotaxis. Interacts with SLIT1 and SLIT2 in a glycosylation- dependent manner. By high glucose through TGFB1-mediated pathways in mesangial cell. Down-regulated in tumor cell lines. Highly expressed in small intestine, fetal brain and colon. Weakly expressed in brain, ovary, prostate, pancreas and skeletal muscle. In brain found in the region localized around the internal capsule in the large subcortical nuclei, including caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, thalamus and subthalamus. Predominantly expressed in normal cells including neurons, astrocytes and fibroblasts. Belongs to the DAN family. 2 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing. Note: This description may include information from UniProtKB.
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| Protein type: Secreted; Secreted, signal peptide |
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Cellular Component: extracellular space; cell surface
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Molecular Function: morphogen activity; protein binding; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding; cytokine activity; protein tyrosine kinase activator activity; receptor agonist activity
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Biological Process: collagen fibril organization; apoptosis; positive regulation of receptor internalization; cell morphogenesis; positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus; determination of dorsal identity; positive regulation of telomerase activity; negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway; activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor; regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade; negative regulation of bone mineralization; positive regulation of angiogenesis; cell migration during sprouting angiogenesis; cell-cell signaling; ureteric bud branching; regulation of focal adhesion formation; negative regulation of bone remodeling; positive regulation of cell proliferation; positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation; negative regulation of cell growth; negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; proximal/distal pattern formation; embryonic limb morphogenesis
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Reference #:
O60565 (UniProtKB)
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| Alt. Names/Synonyms: Cell proliferation-inducing gene 2 protein; CKTSF1B1; Cysteine knot superfamily 1, BMP antagonist 1; DAN domain family member 2; DAND2; Down-regulated in Mos-transformed cells protein; DRM; GREM1; GREMLIN; gremlin 1, cysteine knot superfamily, homolog (Xenopus laevis); gremlin 1-like protein; Gremlin-1; IHG-2; Increased in high glucose protein 2; increased in high glucose-2; MGC126660; PIG2; proliferation-inducing gene 2 |
| Gene Symbols: GREM1 |
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Molecular weight: 20,697 Da
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Basal Isoelectric point: 9.53
Predict pI for various phosphorylation states
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Protein-Specific Antibodies or siRNAs from Cell Signaling Technology®
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